"½ÄÇ°Á¦Á¶Çùȸ(Food Products Association)´Â ½ÄÇ°°ú ³ó»ê¹°ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÀ» °·ÂÇÏ°Ô ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù. ... Çѱ¹Àº ³ó»ê¹°ºÎ¹®¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®µéÀÇ 6¹ø° ±³¿ª»ó´ë±¹ÀÌ°í, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ³ó»ê¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© 25¾ïºÒÀÇ ¼öÃâ½ÃÀåÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ... FTA´Â ¹Ì±¹ ½Äǰȸ»ç°¡ Çѱ¹½ÃÀå¿¡ º¸´Ù Á¢±ÙÀÌ ½±µµ·Ï ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, °¡°ø½ÄÇ°°ú À½·á¿¡ ´ëÇؼµµ »õ·Î¿î ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù” - Cal Dooley, President and CEO, Food Products Association
"ÀÌ ³ª¶ó(Çѱ¹)´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ³«³ó»ê¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àü·«ÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ °÷ ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̱⿡ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ȯ¿µÇÑ´Ù. ... 2004³â¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â Çѱ¹¿¡ 4,600¸¸ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ À¯Á¦Ç°À» ¼öÃâÇß´Ù. À۳⿡´Â Çѱ¹À¸·ÎÀÇ ¼±ÀûÀÌ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô Áõ°¡Çߴµ¥, ÃѼöÃâÀÌ 2005³â¿¡´Â 5,800¸¸ ´Þ·¯¿¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ³«³óÁ¦Ç°¼öÃâ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Çѱ¹Àº ¼ºÀå ÀáÀç·ÂÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¸Å¿ì ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ½ÃÀåÀÌ´Ù“ - Jerome Kozak, President and CEO, National Milk Producers Federation; Thomas M. Suber, President U.S. Dairy Export Council
1. ´©°¡ “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”À» ¿ÜÄ¡´Â°¡?
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Ãʱ¹Àû ³ó½ÄÇ° º¹ÇÕüµéÀº ¸·°ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡·ÂÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¿¡ ¸ÂÃç¼ ³ó½ÄǰüÁ¦ÀÇ °³ÆíÀ» ²ÒÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ä«±æÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÑ Ãʱ¹Àû ³ó½ÄÇ°º¹ÇÕüµéÀº ¸·°ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Ä«±æÀÇ ÃÖ°í°æ¿µÀÚ ¹Ì¼½Å©(Ernest Micek)´Â Ŭ¸°ÅÏÁ¤ºÎ ÇÏ¿¡¼ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼öÃâÈ®´ë¸¦ ²ÒÇÏ°í ¼öÃâÁ¤Ã¥À» ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô ÀÚ¹®ÇÏ´Â ´ëÅë·É¼öÃâÀÚ¹®´ÜÀÇ ¸â¹ö·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ±âµµ Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ URÇùÁ¤¿¡¼ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº Ä«±æÀÇ ÀüÁ÷ Áö¹èÀÎÀÎ ¾Ï½ºÆ©Ã÷(Daniel Amstutz)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ Á¦¾È¼´Â ´Ù¸¥ ³ó¾÷°ü·Ã Ãʱ¹Àû±â¾÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °ËÅäµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î URÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¦¾È¼´Â °î¹°¹«¿ªÈ¸»ç¿Í ³óÈÇÐȸ»çÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¾î Á¦¾ÈÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À̵é Á¦¾ÈÀº ³ó°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸Á¶¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°í »ý»êÁ¶ÀýÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î µÇ¾ú´Ù. Cargill»ç Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °î¹°¼öÃâÀº Continental»ç¿Í ÇÕÇÏ¸é °ÅÀÇ 50%¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. ½Äǰȸ»ç¿Í °î¹°°Å·¡¾÷ÀÚ ¹× ÈÇбâ¾÷ ¸ðµÎ WTO¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ó¾÷°èȹÀ» ´Ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÆóÁöÇÏ°í, °ø±Þ°ü¸®¸¦ ÆóÁöÇϸç, ¼¼°è ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀÇ Â÷º°ÈµÈ ³ëµ¿ºñ¿ë¿¡ »ý»êÀÚ¸¦ ³ëÃâ½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ³ó»ê¹°°¡°ÝÀ» ÀÎÇÏÇÏ·ÁÇÑ´Ù. °¡°ÝÁöÁö¸¦ öÆóÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±â¾÷Àº ¼¼°è½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ºñ±³¿ìÀ§¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ¹ßÈÖÇÏ¿© “ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î” ¼¼°è½ÃÀå¿¡ ÅëÇÕµÈ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¿©·¯ ³ó¾÷»ý»êÁö¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ø·á¸¦ Á¶´ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ó»ê¹°¹«¿ªÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯È¸¦ ÃßÁøÇÑ “WTOÇù»óÀº Ä«±æÇù»óÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·¯¾ß ÇÑ´Ù”´Â ¹Ý´Ù³ª ½Ã¹Ù(Vandana Shiva)ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼ »óȲÀ» Á¤È®È÷ ÆľÇÇÑ ÁöÀûÀÌ´Ù.
´ë±Ô¸ð °î¹°°Å·¡¾÷ÀÚ(±Ô¸ð¼øÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Çϸé, Cargill»ç, Archer Daniels Midland[ADM]»ç, Continental»ç, Louis Drefuss»ç, Bunge & Borne»ç, Mitsui»ç, Feruzzi»ç)´Â °î¹°°¡°ÝÀ» Á¶ÀýÇϱâ À§Çؼ °ø±ÞüÁ¦¸¦ Á¤ºñÇÏ¿© ¼¼°è½ÃÀå¿¡¼ °úÁ¡ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, GATT±³¼·¿¡¼ ³ó¾÷ÀÚÀ¯È¿øÄ¢ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±Ç°íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±ÇÇÑÀ» ÃÖ´ëÇÑ Çà»çÇß´Ù.
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°î¹°°¡°øºÎ¹®ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ´ëµÎ°¡°øºÎ¹®ÀÇ CR4´Â 77³â 54%¿¡¼ 97³â¿¡´Â 83%·Î ±ÞÁõÇÑ °ÍÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿©, ¿Á¼ö¼ö´Â °°Àº ±â°£µ¿¾È 63%¿¡¼ 74%·Î Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼Ò¸ÆºÐÀÇ °¡°øºÎ¹®µµ 82³âÀÇ 40%¿¡¼ 2000³âÀÇ 61%·Î ¾à20³â µ¿¾È 50%ÀÌ»óÀÇ Áõ°¡À²À» º¸¿´´Ù. ½ÄÀ°°¡°øÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ ¼è°í±âÀÇ °æ¿ì 90³âÀÇ 72%¿¡¼ 2000³â¿¡´Â 81%·Î, µÅÁö°í±âÀÇ °æ¿ì 89³âÀÇ 34%¿¡¼ 2000³âÀÇ 59%·Î, ´ßÀÇ °æ¿ì 90³âÀÇ 44%¿¡¼ 2000³â¿¡´Â 50%·Î Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ½ÄÇ°°¡°øºÎ¹®ÀÇ ½ÃÀåÁýÁß·üÀÌ Ç°¸ñ¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ÆíÂ÷´Â ÀÖÀ¸³ª °ÅÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ ±ÞÁõÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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CR4
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½ÄÀ°°¡°ø
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36% ('80)
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72% ('90)
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80% ('95)
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81% ('00)
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µÅÁö°í±â
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34% ('80)
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40% ('90)
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56% ('95)
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59% ('00)
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´ß
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44% ('90)
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46% ('94)
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49% ('98)
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50% ('00)
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°î¹°°¡°ø
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40% ('82)
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44% ('87)
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56% ('92)
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61% (00)
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¿Á ¼ö ¼ö
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63% ('77)
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74% ('82)
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73% ('92)
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74% ('97)
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´ë µÎ
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54% ('77)
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61% ('82)
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71% ('87)
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83% ('97)
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ÀÚ·á : The Food Institute Report(Vol. 73, No. 29), 2001. 7. 11., Heffernan, W.(1999).
GIPSA, Packers and Stockyards Statistical Report(GOPSA-SR-01-1), 2001. 11.
http://www.foodcircles.missouri.edu/CRJanuary05.pdf.
http://www.tradeobservatory.org
½ÄÀ½·á½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ÀÌµé ³ó½ÄÇ°º¹ÇÕü°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÁßµµ ÃÖ±Ù ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼¸¦ º¸ÀÌ°í Àִµ¥, 1À§ÀÇ Nestle»ç´Â À¯¾ÆÀ½½Ä¿¡¼ ¾¾¸®¾ó, »ý¼ö, À¯Á¦Ç°¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç°¸ñÀ» »ý»êÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 2À§ÀÇ ADM»ç´Â ´ëµÎ¿Í ¿Á¼ö¼ö, ¹Ð °¡°øºÎºÐ¿¡¼ ¼¼°è¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« ȸ»çÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ ½ÄÇ°°¡°ø¾÷üµéÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç°¸ñÀÇ ½ÃÀå¿¡ ÁøÃâÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌÀ¯ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ±³Â÷º¸Á¶(cross-subsidy)¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀåÁö¹è·ÂÀ» È®º¸Çϱâ À§ÇؼÀÌ°í, “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”Àº ´ç¿¬È÷ À̵éÀÇ ÀÌÀ±È¹µæÀÇ Åë·Î¸¦ ´õ¿í ³ÐÇôÁØ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 2> ¹Ì±¹³» 10´ë ½ÄÇ°°¡°ø¾÷ü (2004³â) ¸ÅÃâ¾×±âÁØ) ( ´ÜÀ§ : 100¸¸ ´Þ·¯)
¼ø À§
|
ȸ »ç ¸í
|
¸ÅÃâ¾×
|
»ý»ê¹°Á¾·ù
|
1
|
Nestle S.A.
|
61,615
|
º¹ÇÕ
|
2
|
Archer Daniels Midland Co.
|
36,151
|
÷°¡¹°, °î¹°°¡°ø
|
3
|
Kraft Foods Inc.
|
31,010
|
º¹ÇÕ
|
4
|
Unilever plc
|
29,938
|
º¹ÇÕ
|
5
|
Cargill Inc.
|
27,260
|
°î¹°°¡°ø
|
6
|
PepsiCo. Inc.
|
26,971
|
À½·á, ½º³¼
|
7
|
Tyson Foods Inc.
|
24,549
|
À°·ù,°¡±Ý
|
8
|
Coca-Cola Co.
|
21,044
|
À½·á
|
9
|
Mars Inc.
|
17,000
|
Á¦°ú
|
10
|
Groupe Danone
|
14,850
|
À¯Á¦Ç°, »ý¼ö
|
ÀÚ·á : The Food Institute, Food Industry Review, 2005.
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Ç°¸ñº° ½ÄÇ°°¡°ø¾÷üÀÇ ¼øÀ§¿Í ±× ¸ÅÃâ¾×À» º¸¸é »óÀ§±â¾÷ÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÁßÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Ò¼ö±â¾÷ÀÇ ½ÃÀåÁö¹è·ÂÀ» º¸¿©Áشٰí ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À°·ù°¡°øÀÇ °æ¿ì »óÀ§10´ë ±â¾÷Áß¿¡¼ 3´ë±â¾÷ÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÁßÀº 60%¸¦ ³Ñ´Â´Ù. °úÀÏ ¹× ¾ßäÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ 42%¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ°í, À¯Á¦Ç°ÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ 60%¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 3> ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ »óÀ§ ½ÄÇ°°¡°ø¾÷ü(¸ÅÃâ¾× ±âÁØ, ´ÜÀ§: 100¸¸´Þ·¯)
À° ·ù
|
¼øÀ§
|
¾÷ü¸í
|
±Ý¾×
|
ÁÖÇ°¸ñ
|
1
|
Tyson Foods INc.
|
26,400
|
´ß°í±â, ¼è°í±â, µÅÁö°í±â
|
2
|
Cargill Meat Solutions
|
13,000
|
¼è°í±â, µÅÁö°í±â, Ä¥¸éÁ¶
|
3
|
Swift & Co.
|
9,900
|
¼è°í±â, µÅÁö°í±â
|
4
|
Smithfield Foods Inc.
|
9,300
|
µÅÁö°í±â, °¡°øÀ°
|
5
|
Pilgrim's Pride Corp.
|
5,300
|
´ß°í±â, Ä¥¸éÁ¶
|
6
|
Sara Lee Corp.
|
4,200
|
µÅÁö°í±â, ´ß°í±â, ¼è°í±â
|
7
|
National Beef Packing Co. LLC
|
3,500
|
¼è°í±â
|
8
|
Hormel Foods Corp.
|
3,300
|
µÅÁö°í±â, °¡°øÀ°
|
9
|
OSI Group LLC
|
3,300
|
¼è°í±â, µÅÁö°í±â, ´ß°í±â
|
10
|
ConAgra Foods Inc.
|
3,000
|
¼è°í±â, µÅÁö°í±â, ´ß°í±â
|
À¯Á¦Ç°
|
¼øÀ§
|
¾÷ü¸í
|
±Ý ¾×
|
ÁÖÇ°¸ñ
|
1
|
Dean Foods Co.
|
10,800
|
¿ìÀ¯, Ä¡Áî
|
2
|
Dairy Farmers of America Inc.
|
6,900
|
Ä¡Áî, ¿ìÀ¯Àç·á(ingredient)
|
3
|
Kraft Foods Inc.
|
4,300
|
Ä¡Áî
|
4
|
Land O'Lakes Dairy Foods Froup
|
3,000
|
Ä¡Áî,¹öÅÍ
|
5
|
The Kroger Co.
|
2,800
|
¿ìÀ¯, ¾ÆÀ̽ºÅ©¸²
|
6
|
H.P.Hood LLC
|
2,200
|
Ä¡Áî, ¿ìÀ¯Àç·á
|
7
|
Schreiber Foods Inc
|
2,000
|
Ä¡Áî
|
8
|
Leprino Foods Co.
|
2,000
|
Ä¡Áî
|
9
|
Prairie Farms Dairy Inc.
|
1,400
|
¿ìÀ¯, ¾ÆÀ̽ºÅ©¸²
|
10
|
Good Humor- Breyers Ice Cream
|
1,300
|
¾ÆÀ̽ºÅ©¸²
|
°úÀÏ ¹× ¾ßä
|
¼øÀ§
|
¾÷ü¸í
|
±Ý¾×
|
ÁÖÇ°¸ñ
|
1
|
ConAgra Foodservice
|
1,300
|
³Ãµ¿°¨ÀÚ
|
2
|
Simplot Food Group
|
1,000
|
³Ãµ¿°¨ÀÚ
|
3
|
Dole Food Co.
|
1,000
|
³ÃÀå³Ãµ¿°úÀÏ
|
4
|
Performance Food Group
|
989
|
³ÃÀå°úÀÏ
|
5
|
McCain Foods USA Inc.
|
900
|
³Ãµ¿°¨ÀÚ
|
6
|
Birds Eye Foods Inc.
|
725
|
³Ãµ¿¾ßä°úÀÏ
|
7
|
Ready Pac Produce Inc.
|
650
|
³ÃÀå¾ßä°úÀÏ
|
8
|
H. J. Heinz Co.
|
525
|
³Ãµ¿°¨ÀÚ
|
9
|
General Mills Inc.
|
460
|
³Ãµ¿¾ßä
|
10
|
Earthbound Farm
|
350
|
³ÃÀå¾ßä°úÀÏ
|
ÀÚ·á: The Food Institute, Food Industry Review, 2005.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ Çѱ¹Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °¡°ø½ÄÇ°À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¸®Àâ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 2000³âµµÀÇ °æ¿ì, Çѱ¹Àº ¹Ì±¹»ê °¡°ø½ÄÇ°À» ÀϺ», ij³ª´Ù, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿¡ ÀÌ¾î¼ 4¹ø°·Î ¸¹ÀÌ ¼öÀÔÇß´Ù. ij³ª´Ù¿Í ¸ß½ÃÄÚ°¡ NAFTA¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹¿© ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» °¨¾ÈÇϸé Çѱ¹Àº ¹Ì±¹¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ °¡°ø½ÄÇ° ¼öÃâ½ÃÀåÀÎ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 4> ¹Ì±¹ °¡°ø½ÄÇ°ÀÇ ±¹º° ¼öÃâÀÔÇöȲ (2000³â±âÁØ, ´ÜÀ§: ¹é¸¸´Þ·¯, %)
¼ö Ãâ
|
¼ö ÀÔ
|
±¸ ºÐ
|
±Ý ¾×
|
ºñ Áß
|
±¸ ºÐ
|
±Ý ¾×
|
ºñ Áß
|
ÇÕ °è
|
30,044.1
|
100.0
|
ÇÕ °è
|
36,771.9
|
100.0
|
ÀÏ º»
|
6,213.6
|
20.7
|
ij ³ª ´Ù
|
8,400.5
|
22.8
|
ij ³ª ´Ù
|
5,746.5
|
19.1
|
¸ß ½Ã ÄÚ
|
2,933.5
|
8.0
|
¸ß ½Ã ÄÚ
|
3,369.0
|
11.2
|
ÅÂ ±¹
|
2,233.9
|
6.1
|
ÇÑ ±¹
|
1,839.6
|
6.1
|
ÇÁ ¶û ½º
|
1,964.8
|
5.3
|
È« Äá
|
885.3
|
2.9
|
ÀÌ Å ¸®
|
1,578.4
|
4.3
|
¿µ ±¹
|
741.3
|
2.5
|
È£ ÁÖ
|
1,398.6
|
3.8
|
´ë ¸¸
|
730.2
|
2.4
|
³×µ¨¶õµå
|
1,221.4
|
3.3
|
³×µ¨¶õµå
|
704.6
|
2.3
|
¿µ ±¹
|
1,199.8
|
3.3
|
Áß ±¹
|
661.5
|
2.2
|
´ºÁú·£µå
|
1,073.2
|
2.9
|
µ¶ ÀÏ
|
497.3
|
1.7
|
Áß ±¹
|
1,025.8
|
2.8
|
ÀÚ·á: USDA, The US. Food Marketing System, 2002¿¡¼ ÀçÀÛ¼º
Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öÀÔÇÏ´Â °¡°ø½Ä·áÇ°Àº Àüü °¡°ø½ÄÇ°¼öÀÔ¾× 35¾ï 6400¸¸ ´Þ·¯ Áß 15¾ï 5100¸¸´Þ·¯¿¡ ´ÞÇؼ, ¹«·Á 44%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù(2003³â ±âÁØ). °¡Àå ³ôÀº ºñÁßÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Ç°¸ñÀº À°·ùºÎ¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ±¤¿ìº´À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¼öÀÔ±ÝÁöÁ¶Ä¡·Î ´Ù¼Ò °¨¼ÒÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦°¡ Á¶¸¸°£ ÇØÁ¦µÉ »óȲÀÌ¾î¼ °ú°ÅÀÇ Ãß¼¼°¡ °è¼Ó À̾îÁú Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½Å¼±°úÀÏÀ̳ª ÁÖ½º, °ß°ú, ¾Ö¿Ï¿ëµ¿¹° »ç·áµµ ¹Ì±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öÀÔ·®ÀÌ Àý´ëÀû․»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³ôÀº ºñÁßÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 5> Çѱ¹ÀÇ ´ë¹Ì °¡°ø½Ä·áÇ°(consumer food) ¼öÀÔÇöȲ(´ÜÀ§: 100¸¸ ´Þ·¯)
|
Àüü¼öÀÔ¾×
|
´ë¹Ì¼öÀÔ¾×
|
´ë¹Ì¼öÀÔºñÁß (%)
|
2002³â
|
2003³â
|
2002³â
|
2003³â
|
2002³â
|
2003³â
|
½º³¼Çªµå
|
140
|
154
|
35
|
39
|
25
|
25
|
¾¾¸®¾ó
|
6
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
24
|
25
|
À°·ù(³ÃÀå/³Ãµ¿)
|
1,160
|
1,370
|
673
|
901
|
58
|
66
|
À°·ù(°¡°ø)
|
43
|
47
|
19
|
21
|
43
|
44
|
°¡±ÝÀ°
|
102
|
96
|
56
|
35
|
55
|
37
|
À¯Á¦Ç°
|
99
|
86
|
16
|
14
|
16
|
16
|
Ä¡Áî
|
85
|
94
|
15
|
17
|
17
|
18
|
´Þ°¿
|
18
|
16
|
7
|
6
|
39
|
34
|
½Å¼±°úÀÏ
|
139
|
278
|
96
|
126
|
69
|
45
|
½Å¼±Ã¤¼Ò
|
39
|
76
|
1
|
11
|
2
|
14
|
°¡°ø°úÀÏ․ä¼Ò
|
309
|
388
|
98
|
98
|
32
|
25
|
ÁÖ½º
|
102
|
105
|
38
|
42
|
37
|
40
|
°ß°ú
|
28
|
37
|
24
|
32
|
85
|
86
|
¿ÍÀÎ․¸ÆÁÖ
|
42
|
60
|
8
|
11
|
18
|
18
|
¾Ö¿Ï¿ëµ¿¹°»ç·á
|
36
|
51
|
17
|
28
|
47
|
54
|
±â Ÿ
|
726
|
709
|
209
|
170
|
29
|
24
|
ÇÕ °è
|
3,074
|
3,564
|
1,311
|
1,551
|
43
|
44
|
ÀÚ·á: USDA FAS.
3. “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù
À̵éÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ Çö½Ç¿¡¼ “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ±î? ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ¹Ì ¿À·¡ÀüºÎÅÍ ÁöÀûµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, ¹«¿ª¿¡¼ “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ³ó»êÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ´õ¿í ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ¿ÍŲ½º°¡ ÁöÀûÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ó»ó¼ÓÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® Çö½ÇÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼´Â ³ó»ê¹°½ÃÀå¿¡¼ »ì¾Æ³²´Â °ÍÀº ºñ±³¿ìÀ§ ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºñ±³Àû À¯¸®ÇÏ°Ô ÃëµæÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¸Á¶±Ý ¶§¹®”ÀÌ´Ù.
±¹°¡°£ ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÁÖÀdz뼱À» WTO°¡ ¸íÈ®È÷ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹è°æ¿¡´Â ÇöÀç ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ±â¾÷ÁÖµµÀÇ °æÁ¦ÅëÇÕ¿¡ ºÎÀÀÇÏ´Â (±×¸®°í À̸¦ ½ÉȽÃÅ°´Â) ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû ¼¼°èÁú¼¿øÄ¢À» Á¦µµÈÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ°¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ À§Çؼ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ±ÞÁõÇÑ ¶§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ¹«¿ª°ü°è¸¦ Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼º¹®ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±â¾÷À¸·Î¼´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. NAFTA¿Í °°Àº ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÇùÁ¤Àº WTOüÁ¦¿Í ¶È°°Àº ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
È¿À²¼º°ú ½ÃÀåÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯È¶ó´Â À̸§ ÇÏ¿¡ ÃßÁøÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÇùÁ¤Àº Á¤Ä¡Àû, »çȸÀû, ȯ°æÀû º¸È£±îÁö ±ÕÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á´Â µµÀúÈ÷ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ½Ãµµ¸¦ °üÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, “±ÕÀÏÇÑ °æÀïÀÇ Àå¼Ò(level playing field)”´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ±ÕÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù - ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹Ì±¹°ú EU´Â Á¤ºÎ°¡ ³ó°¡ÁöÃâÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ¸é¼ ³ó»ê¹°ÀÇ ´ýÇμöÃâÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ³ó¾÷º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» Áö¿øÇØ Áֱ⵵ ÇÏ°í, ±¤¹üÇÑ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó½ºÆ®·°Ã³¸¦ Áö¿øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ó¾÷À» °è¼ÓÇؼ º¸Á¶ÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» ¿ÜºÎÈÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥, ¹Ì±¹°ú EUÀÇ ¼öÃâ»óÇ°Àº ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î ³·ÃçÁø °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î °æÇÕÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ½ÃÀå°³³ä¿¡¼´Â ³ó»ê¹° ¼öÀÔ±¹ÀÇ ³ó¾÷Àº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î È¿À²ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ½ÃÀå°¡°ÝÀ» ³ó¾÷°æÀï·ÂÀÇ ÆǴٰܱŷΠ»ï´Â »óȲ¿¡¼, ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÀ̶ó´Â ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼Ò³ó¹ÎÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏ¿© ³ó¾÷°ü·Ã±â¾÷ÀÇ ½ÃÀåÈ®´ë¸¦ À§ÇÑ Á¦µµÀû ¼ö´ÜÀÇ µµÀÔÀ» Á¤´çÈÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¼±, ¹Ì±¹ ³ó¹«ºÎÀÇ ³ó°¡º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» º¸¸é, 1995-2004³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °¢Á¾ ³ó¾÷°ü·Ã º¸Á¶±Ý 1,438¾ï ´Þ·¯°¡ Áö±ÞµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ´ëºÎºÐÀº ³ó¾÷»ý»ê°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸ç, ³ó»ê¹°ÀÇ ÃÖÀú°¡°ÝÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ´Ü±âÀ¶ÀÚÁ¦µµ, °íÁ¤Á÷ºÒÁ¦µµ¿Í °¡°Ýº¸Àü Á÷Á¢ÁöºÒÁ¦ÀÇ µµÀÔ, ³«³ó¾÷ Á÷ºÒÁ¦ µîÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 6>¹Ì³ó¹«ºÎÀÇ ³ó°¡º¸Á¶±Ý(1995-2004, 100¸¸ ´Þ·¯, ¸í)
Subsidy Category
|
Type
|
1995
1996
1997
|
1998
1999
2000
|
2001
2002
2003
2004
|
TOTAL
1995-2004
|
|
payments
|
$7,242
$7,274
$7,455
|
$12,358
$21,572
$23,545
|
$22,464
$12,963
$16,438
$12,525
|
$143,835
|
recipients
|
1,336,234
1,570,749
1,529,392
|
1,458,747
1,634,585
1,901,949
|
1,880,173
1,705,736
1,836,535
1,456,492
|
3,122,920
|
|
payments
|
$4,680
$5,322
$5,616
|
$10,767
$17,724
$20,372
|
$18,105
$9,613
$11,463
$9,894
|
$113,557
|
recipients
|
1,025,820
1,352,477
1,338,946
|
1,312,575
1,372,191
1,656,395
|
1,621,665
1,319,204
1,553,840
1,228,558
|
2,532,673
|
|
payments
|
$1,904
$1,804
$1,733
|
$1,548
$1,584
$1,735
|
$1,950
$1,991
$2,021
$2,083
|
$18,353
|
recipients
|
432,904
414,145
387,122
|
347,367
345,573
399,643
|
415,913
429,667
445,067
461,328
|
974,134
|
|
payments
|
$658
$148
$106
|
$42
$2,264
$1,437
|
$2,409
$1,359
$2,951
$548
|
$11,922
|
recipients
|
145,206
54,645
55,460
|
9,544
370,858
392,296
|
392,840
469,231
492,037
83,713
|
1,181,195
|
ÀÚ·á: http://www.ewg.org/
ÇÑÆí, ¹Ì ³ó¹«ºÎÀÇ ³ó°¡º¸Á¶°¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Àüü³ó°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °í¸£°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À̸¥¹Ù, “¼±Åðú ÁýÁß”ÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡¼µµ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¿ö½ÌÅÏ¿¡ º»ºÎ¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â Environmental Working GroupÀÇ ºÐ¼®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »óÀ§ 1%ÀÇ ³ó°¡°¡ Àüü º¸Á¶±ÝÀÇ 23%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏÀ§ 80%ÀÇ ³ó°¡°¡ ¹Þ´Â º¸Á¶±Ý 13%¸¦ ÈξÀ »óȸÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »óÀ§ 1%¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ³ó°¡µéÀº 1995³âºÎÅÍ 2004³â±îÁö 1¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¹Ý¸é, ÇÏÀ§ 80%¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ³ó°¡µéÀº °°Àº ±â°£µ¿¾È 7õºÒ Á¤µµ¿¡ ±×ÃÆ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 7> ¹Ì ³ó¹«ºÎ º¸Á¶±Ý ºÐÆ÷(1995-2004)
Pct. of Recipients
|
Pct. of Payments
|
Number of Recipients
|
Total Payments
1995-2004
|
Payment per Recipient
|
Top 1%
|
23%
|
31,294
|
$33,718,585,636
|
$1,077,478
|
Top 2%
|
35%
|
62,588
|
$49,834,087,311
|
$796,224
|
Top 3%
|
43%
|
93,882
|
$61,806,197,435
|
$658,339
|
Top 4%
|
50%
|
125,176
|
$71,306,450,324
|
$569,650
|
Top 5%
|
55%
|
156,470
|
$79,120,514,007
|
$505,659
|
Top 10%
|
72%
|
312,940
|
$104,144,086,373
|
$332,793
|
Top 15%
|
82%
|
469,410
|
$117,582,243,707
|
$250,489
|
Top 20%
|
87%
|
625,880
|
$125,768,001,913
|
$200,946
|
Remaining 80% of recips.
|
13%
|
2,503,522
|
$18,052,382,759
|
$7,211
|
ÀÚ·á: À§¿Í °°À½.
´õ¿íÀÌ, °¡Àå ¸¹Àº º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ö·ÉÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ·á¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Á¦1À§ÀÎ Riceland Foods IncÀÇ °æ¿ì 1995-2004³â±îÁö ¹ÞÀº º¸Á¶±Ý 5¾ï 3,376¸¸ ´Þ·¯ Áß, ½Ò°ú °ü·ÃµÈ º¸Á¶±ÝÀÌ 5¾ï 555¸¸ ´Þ·¯·Î 94.7%¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁö 5.3%´Â ´ëµÎ¿Í ¹Ð, ¿Á¼ö¼ö¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ º¸Á¶±ÝÀÌ´Ù. Á¦2À§·Î °°Àº ±â°£µ¿¾È 2¾ï 95¸¸´Þ·¯ÀÇ º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀº Producers Rice Mill IncÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ Äá°ú °ü·ÃµÈ º¸Á¶±Ý 58 ´Þ·¯¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸ðµÎ°¡ ½Ò°ú °ü·ÃµÈ º¸Á¶±ÝÀÌ´Ù. Á¦3À§ÀÎ Farmers Rice CoopÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ, Àüüº¸Á¶±Ý Àü¾×ÀÌ ½Ò°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ¹ÞÀº º¸Á¶±ÝÀÌ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 8> ¹Ì ³ó¹«ºÎ º¸Á¶±Ý ÃÖ´ë ¼öÇýÀÚ(1995-2004)
Rank
|
Recipient
|
Total USDA Subsidies
1995-2004
|
1
|
Riceland Foods Inc4)
|
$533,757,334
|
2
|
Producers Rice Mill Inc5)
|
$295,006,023
|
3
|
Farmers Rice Coop6)
|
$143,546,751
|
4
|
Harvest States Cooperatives
|
$44,422,241
|
5
|
Tyler Farms
|
$37,010,598
|
6
|
Dnrc Trust Land Management - Exem
|
$32,049,365
|
7
|
Sd Building Authority
|
$28,193,801
|
8
|
Pilgrim's Pride Corporation
|
$26,461,206
|
9
|
Ducks Unlimited Inc
|
$25,648,392
|
10
|
Missouri Delta Farms
|
$25,360,161
|
ÀÚ·á: À§¿Í °°À½.
ÇÑÆí, 2007³âµµ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ³ó¾÷¿¹»êÆí¼º¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Àü·«¸ñÇ¥ 1À§·Î ¹Ì±¹ ³ó¾÷ÀÇ ±¹Á¦°æÀï·Â °È¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Àü·«¸ñÇ¥ÀÇ ´Þ¼ºÀ» Áö¿øÇϱâ À§Çؼ 3´ë ÁÖ¿ä ±âº»¹æħÀ» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, ù°´Â ±¹Á¦¼öÃâ±âȸÀÇ È®´ë ¹× À¯Áö, µÑ°´Â °æÁ¦°³¹ß ¹× ¹«¿ª´É·Â ÇÔ¾ç Áö¿ø, ¼Â°, ³ó»ê¹° ¹«¿ªÀ» È°¼ºÈ½ÃÅ°´Â À§»ý ¹× µ¿½ÄÇ° °Ë¿ªÃ¼°è°³¼± µîÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. °æÀï·ÂÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¸Ç¸öÀ¸·Î ½Î¿ìÀÚ´Â “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”ÀÇ ±ê¹ßÀ» ³»¹Ð¸é¼, ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â µî µÚ¿¡ ºñ¼ö¸¦ Ç×»ó ÁغñÇØ ³õ°í ÀÖ´Â Çü»óÀÌ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 9> ¹Ì ³ó¹«ºÎÀÇ ÇØ¿ÜÈ°µ¿Áö¿ø (´ÜÀ§: ¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯)
Áö¿ø°èȹ
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
¼öÃâÁøÈï°èȹ
(Export Enhancement Program)
|
339
|
5
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
478
|
478
|
À¯Á¦Ç°¼öÃâÃËÁø°èȹ
(Dairy Export Incentive Program)
|
140
|
20
|
121
|
110
|
145
|
77
|
34
|
42
|
½ÃÀåÁ¢±Ù°èȹ
(Market Access Program)
|
110
|
90
|
90
|
90
|
90
|
90
|
90
|
90
|
ÇؿܽÃÀå°³¹ß°èȹ
(Foreign Market Development Program)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
28
|
28
|
28
|
28
|
CCC ¼öÃâ½Å¿ëº¸Áõ
(CCC Export Credit Guarantees)
|
2,921
|
3,230
|
3,876
|
4,037
|
3,045
|
3,082
|
3,227
|
3,904
|
¹Ì °ø¹ý Á¦480È£ ½Ä·®Áö¿ø
(P.L. 480 Food Aid)
|
1,286
|
1,207
|
1,054
|
1,154
|
1,796
|
1,076
|
1,107
|
999
|
1949³â ¹Ì ³ó¾÷¹ý Á¦416(b)Çשç
(Section 416(b))
|
4
|
84
|
2
|
0.5
|
428
|
504
|
565
|
-
|
¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦½Ä·®Áö¿ø°èȹ
(Food for Progress)
|
146
|
84
|
91
|
111
|
101
|
121
|
94
|
90
|
Çؿܳó¾÷û
(Foreign Agricultural Service)
|
159
|
167
|
191
|
181
|
178
|
200
|
183
|
207
|
ÃÑ°è
|
5,105
|
4,887
|
4,425
|
5,790
|
6,271
|
5,310
|
6,390
|
5,838
|
ÁÖ£º©çÀº ¼±ÀÓ(ocean freight)°ú ±¹³» À¯Åëºñ¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ.
Àڷ᣺USDA
|
¶ÇÇÑ, The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy(³ó¾÷°ú ¹«¿ªÁ¤Ã¥À» À§ÇÑ ±â±¸)µµ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÁö¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù±¹Àû ±â¾÷µéÀÌ Áö³ 14³â µ¿¾È °è¼ÓÇØ ¿Ô´ø ¼¼°è ³ó»ê¹° ½ÃÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼öÃâ ´ýÇÎÇØ ¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºÐ¼®Àº 1990³âºÎÅÍ 2003³â±îÁö ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ Àç¹èµÇ°í ¼¼°è ½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ÆÈ·È´ø 5°¡Áö ³ó»êÇ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ýÇÎ °è»êÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, ¹ÐÀÇ Æò±Õ ¼öÃâ °¡°ÝÀº »ý»êºñ¿ë¿¡¼ 28% ÀÎÇÏµÈ ¼öÁØÀÌ°í, ÄáÀº 10%, ¿Á¼ö¼ö´Â 10%, ¸éÈ´Â 47%, ½ÒÀº 26% ÀÎÇÏµÈ ¼öÁØÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
À̸¦ ÅëÇؼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ³ó»ê¹°ÀÇ “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”Àº ¼öÀÔ±¹ÀÇ ³ó¾÷»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼öÃâ±¹ÀÇ Áß¼Ò³ó¹Îµéµµ ¸ô¶ôÀ¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù. Áß¼Ò³óÀÇ ±«¸êÀ» ³º°í, ³ó¾÷ÀÇ Æ¯È¸¦ ´õ¿í ½ÉȽÃÄÑ È¯°æÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÕÇüÀâÈù ³ó¾÷ü°è°¡ ¹«³ÊÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÜÀûÀÎ ¿¹·Î ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ ÆнºÆ®ÇªµåÀÇ ÆǸÅÁõ°¡¿Í ÇÔ²² Ǫ·£Ä¡ Ǫ¶óÀÌÀÇ ÆǸŵµ Áõ°¡Çߴµ¥, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ Çª·£Ä¡ Ǫ¶óÀÌÀÇ ¿ø·á°¨ÀÚ ÁÖ»êÁöÀÎ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾ÆÀÌ´ÙÈ£(Idaho)ÁÖÀÇ °¨ÀÚ»ý»ê·®°ú °æÀÛ¸éÀûÀº ±ÞÁõÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, °¨ÀÚ»ý»ê³ó¹ÎÀº Áö³ 25³â »çÀÌ¿¡ Àý¹ÝÀ¸·Î °¨¼ÒµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇϵí, ³ó½ÄÇ°º¹ÇÕüÀÇ ³ó¾÷Áö¹è°¡ ½ÉÈµÇ¸é¼ °¡Á·³óÀÇ ±«¸êÀº ³ó»ê¹°¼öÃâ±¹ÀÎ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼µµ ±Ø¸íÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, 1930³â´ë Á߹ݿ¡ 650¸¸È£¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀ» Á¤Á¡À¸·Î ³ó°¡¼ö´Â °è¼Ó °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿© 1990³â´ë¿¡´Â 200¿© ¸¸È£¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ »ý»êÀÇ Æ¯È°¡ ±Þ¼Óµµ·Î ÁøÀüµÇ¾î 1920³â´ë È£´ç Æò±Õ 5.6°³¿´´ø »ý»êÇ°¸ñ¼ö´Â 1992³â¿¡´Â 1.8°³¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÏÀ§50%ÀÇ ³ó°¡°¡ Àüü°æÁö¸éÀû¿¡¼ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÁßÀº 1900³âÀÇ 13%¿¡¼ 1992³â¿¡´Â 4%·Î Å©°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, »óÀ§ 10%ÀÇ ³ó°¡°¡ Àüü°æÁö¸éÀû¿¡¼ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÁßÀº 1900³âÀÇ 45%¿¡¼ 1992³â¿¡´Â 76%¿¡ À̸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆǸž×ÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ »óÀ§ 2%ÀÇ ³ó°¡°¡ ÀüüÀÇ 50%¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏÀ§ 73%ÀÇ ¿µ¼¼³ó ¹× °¡Á·³óÀº ´ÜÁö 9%ÀÇ ³ó»ê¹°À» »ý»êÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
<±×¸² 2> ³óÀå¼ö¿Í ³ó°¡´ç °æÀÛ¸éÀû ÃßÀÌ
4. ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?
USDA¿¡¼ ¹ß°£ÇÑ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Çѱ¹ÀÇ ³óÃà»ê¹°½ÃÀåÀº ¹Ì±¹¿¡°Ô ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼è°í±âÀÇ °æ¿ì ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼öÀÔ±ÝÁö°¡ ÇØÁ¦µÇ¸é ¼ö¿ä°¡ ±ÞÁõÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µÅÁö°í±âÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¼è°í±âÀÇ ´ëüÁ¦·Î¼ ÁÁÀº ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î, ´ß´Ù¸®ÀÇ °æ¿ì °¡°Ý°æÀï·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ö¿Ï¿ë»ç·áÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ ¼ö¿ä°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº ½ÃÀ尳ôÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Àå¾Ö¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î ¼è°í±âÀÇ °æ¿ì BSE¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼öÀÔ±ÝÁö, µÅÁö°í±â³ª ¿À·»ÁöÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ³ôÀº °ü¼¼¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù(USDA FAS, GAIN Report KS5049).
<Ç¥ 10> ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ´ë Çѱ¹ ³óÃà»ê¹°¼öÃâÇöȲ(´ÜÀ§: 100¸¸´Þ·¯)
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
°î¹° ¹× »ç·á
|
573,380
|
403,733
|
395,458
|
947,050
|
578,029
|
°¡Ãà ¹× À°·ù
|
1,003,626
|
1,198,794
|
1,361,253
|
533,693
|
544,482
|
¿ø¿¹ÀÛ¹°
|
297,433
|
349,406
|
363,267
|
410,258
|
419,805
|
À¯ÁöÁ¾ÀÚ ¹× À¯Áö
|
311,766
|
340,234
|
351,491
|
348,949
|
237,722
|
¸éÈ
|
164,001
|
105,845
|
142,297
|
146,442
|
163,394
|
¼³ÅÁ ¹× ¿´ëÀÛ¹°
|
76,680
|
82,901
|
89,667
|
90,177
|
106,482
|
À¯Á¦Ç°
|
41,324
|
42,249
|
41,964
|
43,199
|
55,865
|
´ß°í±â ¹× Á¦Ç°
|
89,351
|
86,851
|
57,498
|
32,707
|
51,701
|
´ã¹è
|
30,520
|
40,030
|
31,902
|
23,111
|
18,556
|
Á¾ÀÚ
|
16,012
|
16,042
|
15,244
|
16,047
|
16,871
|
¼Ò °è
|
2,604,103
(4.9%)
|
2,666,084
(5.0%)
|
2,850,040
(4.9%)
|
2,591,633
(4.2%)
|
2,192,907
(3.5%)
|
¹Ì ³ó»ê¹° ¼öÃâ¾×
|
53,480,452
|
52,849,979
|
58,224,224
|
61,748,221
|
63,069,679
|
ÀÚ·á: http://www.fas.usda.gov
Ãʱ¹Àû ³ó½ÄÇ°º¹ÇÕüÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼´Â Çѱ¹Àº ¾ÆÁÖ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ½ÃÀåÀ̱⿡ “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”À» ÃßÁøÇÏ·Á´Â Áý³äµµ °ÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª Çѱ¹ ³» ³ó¾÷°ü·ÃºÎºÐÀÇ ±¹³» µ¶Á¡ÀÚº»µµ Ãʱ¹Àû ³ó½ÄÇ°º¹ÇÕü¿Í ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¸¦ ´Þ¸®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹°è ´ëÇüÀ¯Åë¾÷üÀÇ ±¹³»ÁøÃâ°ú ¹Ì±¹»ê ³ó»ê¹°ÀÌ ÇÔ²² ¾î¿ì·¯Á® Çѱ¹³» ³ó»ê¹°½ÃÀåÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ °ø·«ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºµµ ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù. ÇöÀç ¾î·Á¿ò ¼Ó¿¡¼µµ ½Ä·®ÁÖ±ÇÀÇ È®¸³°ú ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¸Ô°Å¸®ÀÇ °ø±Þ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ýÇùÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÇѹÌFTA´Â °Å´ëÇÑ Àå¾Ö¹°·Î µîÀåÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°í, “ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ª”À» Áö·¿´ë·Î ÇÑ Ãʱ¹Àû ³ó½ÄÇ°º¹ÇÕüÀÇ ³ó¾÷Áö¹è¿Í Èû°Ü¿î ½Î¿òÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
<Ç¥ 11> ¼¼°è 10´ë À¯Åë¾÷ü(2004³â±âÁØ, ´ÜÀ§: 10¾ï´Þ·¯)
¼ø À§
|
¾÷ü¸í
|
¿ø±¹Àû
|
¸ÅÃâ¾×
|
ÇØ¿ÜÆǸźñÁß
|
1
|
Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
|
¹Ì±¹
|
309.4
|
22.20%
|
2
|
Carrefour S.A.
|
ÇÁ¶û½º
|
113.0
|
50.90%
|
3
|
Ahold N.V.
|
³×µ¨¶õµå
|
89.4
|
83.40%
|
4
|
Metro Group
|
µ¶ÀÏ
|
77.8
|
47.70%
|
5
|
Tesco Plc
|
¿µ±¹
|
68.2
|
20.70%
|
6
|
Ito-Yokada
|
ÀϺ»
|
63.2
|
32.10%
|
7
|
The Kroger Co.
|
¹Ì±¹
|
58.6
|
0.00%
|
8
|
Rewe Zentral AG
|
µ¶ÀÏ
|
54.8
|
28.40%
|
9
|
Target Corp
|
¹Ì±¹
|
53.9
|
0.00%
|
10
|
Costco Wholesale Corp.
|
¹Ì±¹
|
51.2
|
19.70%
|
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